2015;91:55561. BMJ. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. 2013;89:11007. Gene. Radiat Res. Mol Cell Biol. PubMed Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Lai et al. 2010;2010. 1990;39:13543. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Article Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). 2002;5:18995. Wang Q, Cao Z. 1993;13:41322. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett. Google Scholar. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Int J Radiat Biol. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. 2005;161:3314. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. 2009;27:556572. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. J Med Food. Brain Res. 2007;34:146779. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. 2015;28:1324. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. 2014;12:75. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. 2011;18:32533. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. 2017;52:23947. daily life. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. 2012;62:22336. 2005;360:6577. Electromagn Biol Med. 2017;38:106976. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. 1999;9:3438. 2017;326:291. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Privacy CAS [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Behav Brain Res. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Zhao et al. 2005;1042:1018. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Int J Radiat Biol. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. 1994;15:95104. Wang et al. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Neurosci Lett. PubMed Central Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. J Neuro. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. 2014;70:84555. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Merola et al. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. 2016;25:31827. [42] found similar results. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. 2009;158:12639. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) millimeter, or equivalently. Bioelectromagnetics. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Cell Biochem Biophys. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Iran J Public Health. Bioelectromagnetics. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Am J Epidemiol. California Privacy Statement, 2000;6:18793. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. J Clin Oncol. 2013;5:5500110. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 1988;9:33745. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Vorobyov et al. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. 2012;31:25074. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Ning et al. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Google Scholar. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. 2013;34:58998. Cookies policy. Trends Neurosci. Biol Chem. 2009;4:e4389. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Behav Brain Res. Int J Epidemiol. Terms and Conditions, Article Sci STKE. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Dasdag et al. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. By using this website, you agree to our 2014:125. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. radiations. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. 2006;98:170713. Megha et al. Neuroreport. The effects are usually . In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review.