Refer to Chapter 6, Planning Instructional Activity, for detailed information on requirements for an aviation training syllabus and the building-block concept for curriculum development, The main concern of the instructor is usually the more manageable task of organizing a block of training with integrated lesson plans. One cautionthe instructional aid should keep student attention on the subject; it should not be a distracting gimmick, Clearly, a major goal of all instruction is for the student to be able to retain as much knowledge of the subject as possible, especially the key points. Colors, when used, should provide clear contrast and easily be visible, The usefulness of aids can be improved by proper sequencing to build on previous learning. These slide shows can be only bulleted information or incorporate animation and video clips. Effective instructors also display enthusiasm for their subject matter and express themselves clearly. Also as mentioned earlier, discussion involves critical thinking skill. If, however, a response is desired from a specific individual, a direct question may be asked of that student. 108/5 1 . . . 70160 Leadoff questions should usually begin with how or why. More information on enhanced training materials is presented in chapter 6, Traditional aids in this group include slides, filmstrips, and transparencies for overhead projection. Phrases like "able to select from a list of " or "able to repeat the steps to " are better because they describe something that can be measured. A brief introductory lecture can give direction and purpose to a demonstration or prepare students for a discussion by telling them something about the subject matter to be covered, In a lecture, the instructor can present many ideas in a relatively short time. The real world problem forces the student to analyze, evaluate, and make decisions about the procedures required, For the flight instructor, a good scenario tells a story that begins with a reason to fly because a pilots decisions differ depending on the motivation to fly. The willingness to look for ways to match student learning styles to personal instructional style is another element of effective instruction, A subject matter expert (SME) is a person who possesses a high level of expertise, knowledge, or skill in a particular area. While aviation instructors are expected to be familiar with all regulatory training requirements, use of instructororiented training materials which are enhanced for regulatory compliance can be very beneficial for ensuring required training is being accomplished, endorsed, and properly documented. Discussion questions should be easy for students to understand, put forth decisively by the instructor, and followed by silence. Second and perhaps most important, this module will provide instructors with the guidance needed to develop their own FITS-based training curricula. He is flying the four of them to the "big" football game. First, it will familiarize flight instructors with the FITS program, including its history, objectives, methods, and future goals. Care must be taken to display only a small amount of material and to make the material as simple but meaningful as possible, Numerous other useful print items may be considered as supplemental training aids. With elearning, sophisticated databases can organize vast amounts of information that can be quickly sorted, searched, found, and cross-indexed, Due to the active nature of e-learning, the overall learning process is enhanced in several ways. Since each teaching situation is unique, the setting and purpose of the lesson determines which teaching method is used, Todays instructor can choose from a wealth of ways to present instructional material: lecture, discussion, guided discussion, problem based, group learning, demonstrationperformance, or e-learning. The benefit of PBL lies in helping the learner gain a deeper understanding of the information and in the learner improving his or her ability to recall the information. When using CAL, the instructor should remain actively involved with the students by using close supervision, questions, examinations, quizzes, or guided discussions on the subject matter to constantly assess student progress, Simulation (the appearance of real life), role-playing (playing a specific role in the context of a real world situation), and video gaming have taken e-learning in new directions. While developing the lesson, the instructor also should strongly consider the use of examples and personal experiences related to the subject of the lesson, After completing the preliminary planning and writing of the lesson plan, the instructor should rehearse the lecture to build self-confidence. However, writing standards to evaluate a students level of learning or overt behavior in the affective domain (attitudes, beliefs, and values) is more difficult, The overall objective of an aviation training course is usually well established, and the general standards are included in various rules and related publications. Rehearsals, or dry runs, help smooth out the mechanics of using notes, visual aids, and other instructional devices. For example, inserting conditions narrows the objective as follows: "Using sectional charts, a flight computer, and Cessna 172, navigate from point A to point B while maintaining standard hemispheric altitudes." azure resource types list The introduction should include an attention element, a motivation element, and an overview of key points. By being well prepared, an effective instructor presents and applies lesson material, and also periodically assesses how well the learner is learning.
Flight Instructor Techniques - CFI Notebook This results when the material is presented as an authentic problem in a situated environment that allows the learner to "make meaning" of the information based on his or her past experience and personal interpretation. As such, they serve as guides or resource experts and circulate among students who are working individually or in small groups. They are essential for reporting complicated information. Having decided on the objectives, an instructor can use this information to complete many of the steps on the lesson plan. This complex process is enhanced by the use of appropriate instructional aids that highlight and emphasize the main points or concepts, The working or short-term memory functions are limited by both time and capacity.
What can be done to improve the flight instructor role? [Figure 4-2] This topic is discussed in detail in Chapter 5, Assessment, While many of the characteristics of effective instructors discussed in the previous paragraphs hold true for any instructor, the aviation instructor has the added responsibility of molding an aviation citizena pilot or maintenance technician the instructor feels confident will be an asset to the rest of the aviation community. Before using a global positioning system (GPS) as the sole means of navigation, students should be taught the basics, Under each main point in a lesson, the subordinate points should lead naturally from one to another. The traditional organization of a lesson plan is introduction, development, and conclusion, The introduction sets the stage for everything to come. Notes may be written legibly or typed, and they should be placed where they can be consulted easily, or held, if the instructor walks about the room. Since it has been documented that students learn more effectively when actively involved in the learning process, SBT is also used to train AMTs, The aviation instructor is the key to successful SBT and the overall learning objective in this method of training delivery is for the student to be more ready to exercise sound judgment and make good decisions. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards in actual flight. As noted earlier, a PTS already has many of the elements needed to formulate performance-based objectives. The pilot attempted four unsuccessful approaches with the controllers talking him through each approach. [Figure 4-3] And, finally, a training course outline within a curriculum is the content of a particular course. Normally, students should not be asked to discuss a subject without some background in that subject, The techniques used to guide a discussion require practice and experience.
Who trains the trainers? Gamification of flight instructor learning in Many of these items are suitable for long-term use on bulletin boards and in briefing areas.
a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by A reverse question is a question asked by a learner and the instructor returns the question to the same learner for response. Rather, flight maneuvers are integrated into the flight training scenarios and conducted as they would occur in the real world. The following practices are fundamental in the use of the chalk or marker board: Keep chalk, markers, erasers, cleaning cloths, rulers, and related items readily available to avoid interruption of the presentation, Organize and practice the chalk or marker board presentation in advance, Write or draw large enough for everyone in the group to see, Leave a margin around the material and sufficient space between lines of copy so the board is not overcrowded, Make only one point at a time. While this is the most widely used form of presentation and instructors should know how to develop and present a lecture, they also should understand the advantages and limitations of this method, Lectures are used for introduction of new subjects, summarizing ideas, showing relationships between theory and practice, and reemphasizing main points. Networking with and observing other instructors to learn new strategies is also helpful. Successful instructors teach their students not only how, but also why and when. The instructor then shares the NTSBs determination of probable cause: "The pilots inadequate decision to continue VFR flight into IMC conditions, which resulted in a loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion" which can lead to further discussions of how to avoid this type of accident. The flight instructor serves as the link between dreaming of a career in the sky and becoming a skilled pilot. In many classrooms, students may not be able to see the lower half, Stand to one side of the board to avoid hiding the essential information, Adjust lighting as necessary to remove glare, Print media, including photographs, reproductions of pictures, drawings, murals, cartoons, and other print materials are valuable supplemental aids. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. The steps in Figure 4-6 form a guideline for lesson presentation. In its basic form, CAL is a combination of more than one instructional media, such as audio, text, graphics, and video (or film) usually shown on a PC, With CAL, the roles of both student and instructor change. If it is a new flight maneuver, the student may be asked to perform the maneuver that has just been demonstrated. For example, in concluding a discussion on density altitude, an instructor might give a fairly complete description of an accident which occurred due to a pilot attempting to take off in an overloaded airplane from a short runway at a high-altitude airport on a hot day, The summary should be succinct, but not incomplete. A good visual aid can help the instructor show the students the path that they are to travel. In these examples, the student leader or the instructor serves as a coach or facilitator who interacts with the group, as necessary, to keep it on track or to encourage everyone in the group to participate, Best used for the mastery of mental or physical skills that require practice, the demonstration-performance method is based on the principle that people "learn by doing." The instructor must continue to monitor and evaluate the progress of the student as usual. The tendency toward unnecessarily distracting artwork also should be avoided, Instructional aids should appeal to the student and be based on sound principles of instructional design. The controller directed the pilot to two different nearby airports, but both were below minimums. The instructor said the incident might have been a catalyst for the rule's implementation in 1981. As indicated in chapter 2, standards for the level of learning in the cognitive and psychomotor domains are easily established. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. Since the material projected requires no special preparation, the cost is very low. For example, the instructor may talk about an occurrence where the knowledge in the lesson was applied. In flight training, the instructor may allow the student to follow along on the controls during the demonstration of a maneuver. Thus, the student pilot exhibits knowledge of all the elements involved in a poweroff stall as listed in the PTS, As discussed in chapter 2, humans develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the world. The most basic stepping stones to be traversed by a student pilot going after a certificate involve figuring out where she or he wants the airplane to go and learning the monkey motion involved in causing it to go there. Other aids, which are usually more expensive, are projected materials, video, computerbased programs, and models, mock-ups, or cut-aways. This is necessary to be certain a student is on track with the training syllabus. HOTS should be taught throughout the curriculum from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract, Determine learning outcomes for the problem, Consider additional solutions through guided discovery, Reevaluate solution with additional options, Reflect on this solution and why it is the best solution, Consider what "best" means (is it situational), While there are many variations as to how a problem-based lesson might work, it usually involves an incentive or need to solve the problem, a decision on how to find a solution, a possible solution, an explanation for the reasons used to reach that solution, and then reflection on the solution. The interim summary may be omitted after discussing the last learning outcome when it is more expedient for the instructor to present the first part of the conclusion. Frequently, good organization and natural patterns of logic dictate the sequence. For example, the flight student may be asked to plan for the arrival at a specific nontowered airport. Accident data is available at NTSBs Aviation Accident Database & Synopses at www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/query.asp/, Electronic learning or e-learning has become an umbrella term for any type of education that involves an electronic component such as the Internet, a network, a stand-alone computer, CD/DVDs, video conferencing, websites, or email in its delivery. Effective problems: Relate to the real world so students want to solve them, Are open ended and not limited to one correct answer, Are connected to previously learned knowledge as well as new knowledge, Risk management, ADM, automation management, situational awareness, and Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) awareness are the skills encompassed by HOTS. There is no guarantee that all of this information is current, or even accurate, It is important to prepare an organized plan of action, Most frequently used to least frequently used, Introducing students to new subject material, Showing relationships between theory and practice, and, No direct reaction from students but economical, Establish the objective and desired outcomes, Help jog memory and ensures important points are emphasized, Can supplement other teaching devices and methods, Students tend to interact and achieve in ways and at levels that are rarely found with other instructional strategies, Clear directions on what the student is going to do, All members of the group must accept the objectives as ones they have agreed to achieve, Tasks are structured so that students must depend upon one another for their group's success in completing and mastering the target objectives, Student must not feel penalized for being placed in a particular group, The focus of learning tasks must be aligned with the specific objectives, Each student and group should be provided the amount of time needed to learn the targeted information, Students must engage in interactive abilities as leadership, Each student must be formally and individually tested to determine mastery and retention, Only members of groups who meet established levels of achievement receive the rewards, Lead-off Question - opens up an area for discussion (how or why, not what or when), Follow-up Question - guides into discussion, Students should be encouraged to participate. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. The student displays whatever competence has been attained, and the instructor discovers just how well the skill has been learned. Lectures can be used to present information that would be difficult for the students to get in other ways, particularly if the students do not have the time required for research, or if they do not have access to reference material. For example, major aircraft manufacturers have developed CAL programs to teach aircraft systems and maintenance procedures to their employees, reducing the amount of manpower necessary to train aircrews and maintenance technicians on the new equipment. Prior planning and rehearsal will help determine the important points and concepts that should be stressed, either during the presentation or as part of a summary. Most projectors are bulky to handle and store, and the projector cooling fan may be noisy, Although vastly different from other projection equipment, the opaque projector reflects light from the surface of the picture or three-dimensional object onto a regular projection screen. They learn by applying what they have been told and shown. In other words, they must mean the same thing to any knowledgeable reader.
Assessment of Piloting Ability - Flight Study While there are subtle nuances to the different terms which include computer-assisted learning (CAL), computerassisted instruction (CAI), computer-based training (CBT), and computer-based instruction (CBI), this handbook will use the term "computer-assisted learning" in the following discussion, Computer-assisted learning (CAL) couples the personal computer (PC) with multimedia software to create a training device. An experienced instructors knowledge and skill regarding methods of instruction may be compared to a maintenance technicians toolbox. Despite enormous potential, VR, in its current stage of development, has drawbacks. The instructor uses decision-based training objectives to teach aviation students critical thinking skills, such as risk management and aeronautical decision-making (ADM), The desired level of learning should also be incorporated into the objectives, and these level of learning objectives may apply to one or more of the three domains of learningcognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes, beliefs, and values), and psychomotor (physical skills). Consider the opening scenario in which Bob arrived early for the class and ensured the classroom was well lit, the desks in order, and that the room presented a neat overall appearance. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by.
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