common carp adaptations

So do not get anything too fancy. Leaders should be about 6-10 feet in length tippets should be from 8-12 lbs. Quick facts. The eggs hatch four to eight days later. Journal of Fish Diseases 42(11):16091621. Fisheries Research 179:168178. Buchanan. Fishing arrows work the best because the weight gives the best penetration. If proven under natural circumstances, endozoochorous dispersal of invasive fish could be a strong conservation concern for freshwater biodiversity. Marine and Freshwater Research 65(6):538550. General information about carp - Department of Primary Industries There is some indication that treble hooks outfish single hooks in lakes. Biological Invasions 21(6):18571870. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. It usually spawns in spring, when the female deposits numerous eggs on plants or detritus, usually in shallow water. S. F. Baird of the U.S. Regulated Invasive Species (MN DNR) are legal to buy, sell, transport, and possess, but may not be introduced into a free-living state, such as released into public waters. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 42(4): 266269. First report of carp edema virus in the mortality of wild common carp Cyprinus carpio in North America. Be very careful to to keep the line clear of your wristwatch, clothing, buttons, and bow projections. Invasive carps | ontario.ca Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758), in Banarescu, P.M., and H.-J. Most Common Texas Freshwater Fish Species - Take Me Fishing 2, pp. Registered charity number 207238 Ferreri (Eds.). Bighead Carp | Missouri Department of Conservation 502 pp. Selective fragmentation and the management of fish movement across anthropogenic barriers. [2] The ideal temperature is 23to 30C (7386F), with spawning beginning at 17to 18C (6364F); they easily survive winter in a frozen-over pond, as long as some free water remains below the ice. Its caudal and anal fins may either be a dark bronze or washed with a rubbery orange hue. A third subspecies, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Amur carp), native to eastern Asia, was recognized in the past,[4] but recent authorities treat it as a separate species under the name Cyprinus rubrofuscus. Second Edition. Clearwater, S.J., C.W. Common Carp have shown to be an important seed dispersal vector for aquatic plants (VonBank et al. Grass Carp - Asian Carp Canada Bureau of Rural Sciences (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia), Canberra. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a globally distributed (farmed or wild) and consumed fish species. Frontiers | Excessive Dietary Lipid Affecting Growth Performance, Feed Jenkins, D.E. It is also a frequently used model animal in the evaluation of the physiology, immunology, and toxicology of fish due to its easy adaptation to laboratory conditions. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980 et seq. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online], Rome. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Washington, D.C. Smith, H.M. 1896. A new type of homodiploid fish derived from the interspecific - Nature Three hundred one-year-old fish of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), with a mean bodyweight of 180 g (5 g), were placed in 12 concrete tanks (60 m 3). Carp in North America. Commercial carp removal at Lake Mattamuskeet, North Carolina. [2023]. How to identify a Common Carp. DeVaney, S.C., K.M. Although carp can be caught throughout the year, the spring is the best time because they congregate in the shallows in large schools to spawn. As aquaculture became a profitable branch of agriculture, efforts were made to farm the animals, and the culture systems soon included spawning and growing ponds. The common carp is a heavy-bodied minnow with a long dorsal fin containing 17-21 rays, a stout, saw-toothed spine at the front of both dorsal and anal fins, and two barbels on each side of upper jaw. 1980. Even if the environmental adaptation of common carp is generally strong, the genetic background of hypoxia tolerance in different strains of common carp is unclear yet. 1984). The close-faced spinning reel works fine, but you have a restriction on the line weight. 1996. In feeding, they may destroy, uproot, disturb and eat submerged vegetation, causing serious damage to native duck, such as canvasbacks, and fish populations. The Nonindigenous Occurrences section of the NAS species profiles has a new structure. Often the fish were released from railroad tank cars at bridge crossing directly into streams (e.g., McDonald 1886). The common carp is regarded as a pest fish because of its widespread abundance and because of its tendency to destroy vegetation and increase water turbidity by dislodging plants and rooting around in the substrate, causing a deterioration of habitat for species requiring vegetation and clean water (Cahoon 1953). First record of predation on white sturgeon eggs by sympatric fishes. Compensatory response of invasive common carp Cyprinus carpio to harvest. Bethesda, MD. Carp are members of the minnow family, with large golden scales. In streams, the current will take the slack out of the line, thus the line must be kept tight. [3] Eggs and fry often fall victim to bacteria, fungi, and the vast array of tiny predators in the pond environment. You can cast to an area that appears to contain fish and you hope you're correct. McCarraher, D.B., and R.W. The information has not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 60:182-192. As carp biomass goes up, vegetation goes down and lakes become turbid. A molecular approach to detect hybridization between crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and non-indigenous carp species (Carassius spp. Page. Adaptation of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to Regular Swimming Summer diet characteristics of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) in central Illinois. The mouth of the carp is downwards-turned, with two pairs of barbels, the ones on the bottom being larger. Does not possess a true spine. Hydrobiologia 632(1):235-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-9844-3. Eurasian carp - Wikipedia and Mraz, J. Journal of Fish Biology, 65 (Supplement A): 127. [citation needed][19] Common carp feed throughout the day with the most intensive feeding at night and around sunrise. Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio) - Introduced A typical 24-inch adult common carp. Cahoon, W.G. Adaptations help an organism survive and/or reproduce in its current environment. Luoma, and L.L. Development of an Antimycin-impregnated bait for controlling Common Carp. Mor, and N.B.D. Although not crucial, monofilament in either clear or green is preferable to the braided, copolymer, or any of the highly visible lines. 1977. 1977. As a result of subsequent population growth and dispersal, Common Carp spread even further. Adaptations can take many forms: a behavior that allows better evasion of predators, a protein that functions better at body temperature, or an anatomical feature that allows All the values measured in Nelumbo nucifera and Aegle marmelos treated fish were restored comparably to control fish. 2010. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14(2):442446. 2004. The daily growth of carp can be 2 to 4 per cent of body weigh. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. Carp - Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission The Fishes of Ohio. Bhavsar, D.A. In the U.S., the Common Carp is more abundant in manmade impoundments, lakes, and turbid sluggish streams receiving sewage or agricultural runoff, and less abundant in clear waters or streams with a high gradient (Pflieger 1975; Trautman 1981; Ross 2001; Boschung and Mayden 2004; Ramirez-Herrejon et al. STUDY OF THE ADAPTATION PROCESS IN COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO L.) AFTER HARVESTING Milena Buov*1, Kristna tancelov1 Address: 1 Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackho t. Journal of Great Lakes Research 30(1):44-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(04)70328-7. Carp are extraordinary fish and each and every one of them is a uniquely special catch. Hydrobiologia 511:215-231. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000014065.82229.c2. 2015. One of the most prominent features of the region's aquaculture is that it is based on the rearing of cyprinids, particularly the common carp. Markle. 1981. Wild common carp are typically slimmer than domesticated forms, with body length about four times body height, red flesh, and a forward-protruding mouth. 2005. TheWildlife Trusts is a movement made up of 46 Wildlife Trusts: independent charities with a shared mission. Character of the carp introduced by Capt. Whitworth, W.R. 1996. Fly rods in the 7- to 9-weight range are preferred because it has the extra backbone to turn these fish. [citation needed], Common carp were brought to the United States in 1831. https://doi.org/10.1071/mf13117. Distinguishing Common Carp from Grass Carp. Global patterns and clines in the growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Gregory. In California, carp have been implicated in the decrease in water clarity in Clear Lake, Lake County, and in the gradual disappearance of native fishes (Moyle 1976). Available from URL: Daily Yomiuri newspaper, September 19, 2008, list of the world's 100 worst invasive species, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6181A12559362.en, http://alienspecies.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/eng/species/common-carp>, "Balon, E. K. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13082. It has large pectoral fins and a tapering dorsal fin running down the last two thirds of its body, getting progressively higher as it nears the carps head. It frequents ponds, gravel pits and lakes, but is not native to the UK, being introduced in the Middle Ages. 2008. White and J. Visscher. Outbreak and treatment of carp edema virus in koi (Cyprinus carpio) from northern California. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.001. Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on water quality in aquatic ecosystems dominated by submerged plants: a mesocosm study. Common carp grow to a maximum length of 47 in., and a maximum weight of over 88 lbs. Lougheed, V.L., and P. Chow-Fraser. Common carp can grow to very large sizes if given adequate space and nutrients. thesis. 2019. Hartel, K.E., D.B. May reproduce with goldfish . An adaptation is a feature that arose and was favored by natural selection for its current function. One of the most important adaptations to Bighead carp is the fact that these fish can grow to large sizes so quickly. It has been frequently shown to upturn nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton biomass while destroying submerged macrophytes. Aliens Among Us. Robison, H.W., and T.M. Common carp Cyprinus carpio was introduced from Thailand to Pakistan in 1964 for the purpose of aquaculture. What are Asian Carp? | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov A few of these features are: large scales, two barbels on each side of the mouth, and the first dorsal and anal fin spines are serrated. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology 48(5):347353. 1886. Richardson, M.J., F.G. Whoriskey, and L.H. It was 108 cm (42.5") long! As with fly fishing, bow-fishing requires stealth. Pages 322-373 in W.R. Courtenay, Jr., and J.R. Stauffer, editors. Organisms are adapted to their environments in a great variety of ways: in their structure, physiology, and genetics, in their locomotion or dispersal, in . Common Carp - AZ Animals Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI, pp. The fish community of Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario: Status, stressors, and remediation over 25 years. This adaptation allows Bighead carp to overrun many of the native fish as they eat the main food supply. Michigan Sea Grant, 56 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0524-y. Albadree. A private pond that has 80 percent . One catching sewage or farm runoff is especially nice. Fish locomotion is powered by at most three (but mostly only two) morphologically differing myotomal muscle fibre types. In Eurasia there are two poorly defined subspecies, Eurasia (Page and Burr 1991; Balon 1995). Gewurtz, S.B., S.P. Algal blooms: There have been suggestions that carp may increase the likelihood of algal blooms by preying on animals that eat algae, stirring up nutrients trapped in bottom sediments, damaging aquatic plants, and reducing plant growth via greater turbidity. References to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the Table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables. About 96 per cent of common carp accumulate on Australia's east coast. There are two varieties of 2nCRC, specifically red crucian carp (2n = 100, abbreviated 2nRCC) and Japanese crucian carp (2n = 100, abbreviated 2nJCC), which are characterized by red and white. The bighead carp is a large, heavy-bodied fish with an exceptionally large head, upturned mouth, small scales, and scattered, irregular dark blotches over the entire body. PDF r ie s & W oury isris F S o P Wii cincs - Longdom 2017. Occurrences are summarized in Table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. . 2001) as well as the estuaries of large Ukrainian and Russian rivers. Nico, L., E. Maynard, P.J. In: P. Hickley & H. Tompkins (eds) Recreational Fisheries: Social, Economic and Management Aspects . Goldsborough. 2009. [citation needed], Both European and Asian subspecies have been domesticated. Sunfish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125:338-340. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0338:FROPOW>2.3.CO;2. Some results of carp culture in the United States. The tanks were . Large, heavy-bodied fish. Common Carp is very active when feeding and its movements often disturb sediments and increase turbidity, causing serious problems in some regions especially where the species is abundant. The European Carp is a native of Asia, but extensive introductions have helped to make it the world's most widely distributed freshwater fish. Copp. Epithelia of rostral side and fins from common carp were taken to culture in vitro. 1964. Fish farmers bred a population of common carp over many generations to have only a few patches of large scales on their bodies. The common carp isn't very demanding: any body of water that's sluggish and murky will do. Missouri Department of Conservation. Life history aspects of carp (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in a dam lake ecosystem: current status and future needs. Panek, F.M. Pages 523-641 in Report of the Bureau of Fisheries for 1904. Inland Fishes of California. The Journal of Wildlife Management 17(3):312-317. https://doi.org/10.2307/3797113. Hydrobiologia 755(1):107121. The bow will probably get covered in blood and mud, and occasionally sumberged in water. Wheeler, A. Non-native fishes inhabiting the streams and lakes of Illinois. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 as a potential biological control agent for carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Australia: susceptibility of non-target species. Typically, color varies from brassy green or yellow, to golden brown, or even silvery. 2, No. In Washington, a fishing license is not required to fish for carp. McCarraher and Gregory (1970) wrote that in 1894 there was documentation that Sacramento perch Archoplites interruptus were becoming more scarce because carp was destroying their spawning grounds. Voucher specimens: Alabama (UMMZ 103508, 115003, TU 48856, 51966, 130781), Arizona (TU 74792, 78489, 79742), Arkansas (TU 2194, 2204, 44759), Colorado (TU 47337), Florida (TU 22858, 22879, 23654, 34833), Georgia (UGAMNH), Illinois (TU 9944, 125802, 125825), Indiana (TU 19372, 101143), Kansas (TU 42664, 42681), Kentucky (TU 66289), Louisiana (TU 6281, 9202, 15805, 16781), Michigan (TU 15007), Mississippi (TU 32974, 57121, 69483, 85130), Missouri (TU 53843, 54574, 74298), Nevada (TU 47257, 47266), New Jersey (TU 36738), New Mexico (TCWC 0059.01, TU 35686, 38871, 42637, 42656), New York (TCWC 0077.01, TU 36674), North Carolina (TU 29401), North Dakota (UMMZ 94756, 94757), Ohio (TU 3299), Oklahoma (TU 12021, 13790, 141667, 141686), Oregon (TU 121816), South Carolina (TU 145144), South Dakota (TU 58222), Tennessee (TU 33470), Texas (TCWC 1074.01, 07780.03, TU 15777, 21969, 21995, 35583, 35634), Utah (TU 43659, 99064, 99122, 99150), Wisconsin (TU 15748, 173824), many others. The Peterson Field Guide Series, volume 42. 2018. Common Carp - ct Bulletin 184. 13-15. Native to Asia, and spread throughout Europe by the Romans . Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on submerged macrophytes and water quality in a backwater lake on the upper Mississippi River. It gives its name to the carp family, Cyprinidae. Additionally, common carp usually fight harder than mirror carp do when they have been hooked. In Europe, common carp contributed 1.8% (0.17 Mt) of the total inland fisheries production (9.42 Mt) during 20152016. Fishes of Wisconsin. Carvalho. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 19(2):206-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2015.1106290. Biocontrol of the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Australia: A Review and Future Directions. Fish Commission was actively stocking lakes and rivers throughout the country. Marking. Optimising an integrated pest-management strategy for a spatially structured population of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using meta-population modelling. McCrimmon, H.R. Line strength depends upon water conditions, potential obstacles, size of fish, and angler expectations. (1977) hypothesized that it may be spreading from one coastal stream to another through fresh or nearly fresh coastal waters in the Gulf area during periods of heavy rainfall and run-off, periods when salinities are greatly reduced. Bighead carp, silver carp, and rudd differ from all native minnows (except the golden shiner) in having a fleshy keel along the belly. Your individual preference will dictate what kind of reel you will use, openfaced spinning, spin-casting, or baitcasting. They are most abundant in large rivers, man-made lakes and natural lakes where there is abundant, soft organic matter on the bottom. It is a major farmed species in European freshwater aquaculture with production localized in central and eastern European countries. Common carp In winter the common carp becomes torpid, retires to the bottom, and stops feeding. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:1365-1381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-9663-9. [32] One proposal, regarded as environmentally questionable, is to control common carp numbers by deliberately exposing them to the carp-specific koi herpes virus with its high mortality rate. There are over 2000 species of Cyprinidae. In absence of natural predators or commercial fishing, they may extensively alter their environments due to their reproductive rate and their feeding habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food. 2015. Common carp are extremely popular with anglers in many parts of Europe, and their popularity as quarry is slowly increasing among anglers in the United States (though they are still generally considered pests and destroyed in most areas of the U.S.), and southern Canada. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Bighead carp and Silver carp are the species that have spread the most aggressively and can be considered one of the greatest threats to the Great Lakes. By 1885, the U.S. Turbidity generation and biological impacts of an exotic fish Carassius auratus, introduced into shallow seasonally anoxic ponds. Fish Commission 4(1884):266-267. Carefully approach the carp by boat or wading. European Carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 - Australian Museum 1984. Maceda-Veiga, A., R. Lopez, and A.J. Fish Commission examined fish taken from the Hudson River, as well as area fish then being sold on the New York markets, and reported that they were goldfish or goldfish hybrids and not true Common Carp (Redding 1884; Cole 1905). Carp are currently distributed in the lower Columbia (Arrow Lakes), lower Kootenay, Kettle (Christina Lake), and throughout the Okanagan system. [27] In Victoria, the common carp has been declared a noxious fish species, and the quantity a fisher can take is unlimited. Crane. Flies can be impressionistic or realistic, but the choice would be to go with realistic looking flies and in sizes 6-10. American Fisheries Society. Fisheries Management and Ecology 23(6):431449. The Life of the Lakes: A Guide to the Great Lakes Fishery. DeKay, J.E. Carp are notorious bottom feeders that uproot aquatic vegetation. 2018. Adaptation of carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae to artificial diets: 1. Brown. 1976. Sight casting has its origins from the flats of the tropics. Wheeler (1978); Becker (1983); Page and Burr (1991); Etnier and Starnes (1993); Jenkins and Burkhead (1994); Balon (1995). [2] The largest recorded carp, caught by British angler, Colin Smith, in 2013 at Etang La Saussaie Fishery, France, weighed 45.59 kilograms (100.5lb). They range from simply draping a piece of paper over the line to elaborate electrical devices. Adaptation | PBS Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Molecular Underpinnings of Common Carp Common carp are fully covered by scales, whilst mirror carp have irregular patches of scales all over their body. AIS Rach, J.J., J.A. . Ruez. PDF Examining the toxicity of Cadmium chloride in common Carp Cyprinus Stevens, B.N., A. Michel, M.L. Duma. Minnows | Missouri Department of Conservation insight of adaptation to temperatures, calculation of chromosomes and investigation for thaw of frozen cells. Journal of Wildlife Management 31(1):181-188. https://doi.org/10.2307/3798375. The newest invaders, bighead carp . About the oldest domesticates among fishes. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-019-09685-0. Once established in a water body, Common Carp is difficult and expensive to eliminate (e.g., Cahoon 1953). While carp is consumed in many parts of the world, they are generally considered an invasive species in parts of Africa, Australia and most of the United States. Breeding is carried out in hapas, cement tanks or small ponds. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2356-4. Impacts of an invasive virus (CyHV-3) on established invasive populations of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in North America. Stay wild with our seasonal wildlife experiences and find places to go, for you and your family. 2001. Wiley. More recently introductions of Common Carp have resulted because of the use of juvenile carp as bait fish (e.g., Swift et al. 1988. Managing a migratory pest species: A selective trap for Common Carp. The common carp, Cyprinus carpio, is a large omnivorous species that can be found in most Pennsylvania waters. (1996) noted that more than 20,000 Common Carp were killed by a bacterial disease over a short period of time in the Merrimack River in the late 1970s. Ross, S. 2001. Great Lakes commercial fisheries: historical overview and prognosis for the future. I. Zoology. Records from the early 1880s indicate that Common Carp stocked in farm ponds frequently escaped into open waters as a result of dam breaks or flood events (Smiley 1886). (PDF) Adaptation of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to Regular Ecological Modelling 385:5864. Rahel, F.J., and R.L. Sorensen, PW and NE Stacey. The pond farming of carp is based on the ability of the species to accept and utilise cereals supplied by the farmers. Distribution and natural history of the fresh and brackish water fishes of the Ochlocknee River, Florida and Georgia. Pflieger (1997) reported that the total weight and value of Common Carp taken by commercial fishermen in Missouri exceeded that of any other fish. The common carp is a heavy-bodied minnow with barbels on either side of the upper jaw. Wetlands 30:657-667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-010-0071-5. 2019. The use of bobbers is not recommended because offer too much resistance when the fish takes the bait. Mollusks, insects, and fish Group Behavior Solitary Fun Fact The drum fish makes a croaking sound with its swimming bladder! [33][34] However, in 2020, this plan was found to be unlikely to work. The easiest time to bow-fish for carp is during the spring when the fish are spawning, less wary, and in the shallows. Biological Invasions 19(6):19051916. Henry Robinson about 1830. Fishes 5(2):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5020017. After pairwise comparing the maternal goldfish, the paternal common carp, and the offspring, offspring variations were classified as R-variations (goldfish-specific variations), C-variations (common carp-specific variations), and F-variations (offspring-specific variations) ( SI Appendix, Table S4 ). Moyle, P.B. Crowl. <, Roy, K., Vrba, J., Kaushik, S.J. Gurbuz, O.A. Molecular Phylogenetics of Three Subspecies of Common carp Cyprinus Carpio, based on sequence analysis of cytochrome b and control region of mtDNA. 307-354. Commercial fishing for Carp. This, in turn, will give the declining population of the native June sucker a chance to recover. However, in warmer weather, especially during the heat of summer, early morning and evening are the better times to fish. 2004. Pflieger (1975) noted that the Common Carp tends to concentrate in large numbers where cannery or slaughter-house wastes are emptied into streams. backing. The freshwater fishes of Europe, v. 5/III; Cyprinidae 2/III, and Gasterosteidae: AULA-G GmbH Wiebelsheim, Germany, p. 85-179. Effects of natural environment and rearing conditions on the welfare and product quality of common. Innate Immune Responses of Skin Mucosa in Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio Details: Common Carp - Iowa Department of Natural Resources Invasive Carp. If snags or thick vegetation is a problem, a longer rod will allow you to drop the bait in a more vertical fashion. As schooling fish, they prefer to be in groups of five or more. Hypophthalmichthys nobili, Bighead carp - Adaptation http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/EcoNatRes.FishesWI. Controlling the common carp | Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Logan, D., E.L. Bibles, and D.F. There is also evidence that Common Carp prey on the eggs of other fish species (Moyle 1976; Taylor et al. The common carp can be easily identified by several features. Linfield, R.S.J. In North America, the Common Carp inhabits brackish and saline coastal waters of several states bordering the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and Gulf of Mexico (Schwartz 1964; Moyle 2002) as well as the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada (McCrimmon 1968).